Neuroimmune Dysregulation in Schizophrenia: A Cross-Domain Systematic Review of Developmental, Genetic, and Systemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63924/jsid.v8i1.295Keywords:
Immune System, Mental Health, Neuroinflammation, Schizophrenia, Systematic ReviewAbstract
Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the global population. Dopaminergic models have long dominated pathophysiological accounts and the immune system is increasingly recognized as a mechanistically active contributor. However, no comprehensive synthesis of recent cross-domain neuroimmune evidence exists. This systematic review aimed to characterize the scope, quality, and clinical relevance of neuroimmune research in schizophrenia published between 2025 and 2026. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, Scopus was searched using 'schizophrenia' AND 'immune system,' yielding 1,497 records. After screening for publication year, document type, and full-text eligibility, 55 peer-reviewed articles were included across ten thematic domains. A convergent neuroimmune signature emerged: pro-inflammatory cytokines were consistently elevated and correlated with symptom severity; the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio independently predicted PANSS scores, suicidal ideation, and hospitalization duration; gestational poly I:C-induced Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) programmed durable immune dysregulation in non-human primate offspring through late adolescence; transcriptome-wide Mendelian randomization identified 196 immune-cell schizophrenia risk genes, with IRF3 enrichment linking the disorder to antiviral pathways; and specific gut microbiota genera (Barnesiella, Desulfovibrio, Gordonibacter, and Romboutsia) exerted causal protective effects via immune-inflammatory mechanisms (OR 0.85–0.93). These findings establish schizophrenia as a disorder with a multifaceted neuroimmune signature spanning developmental, genetic, cellular, and systemic dimensions. The field has advanced from correlational observation to causal inference and therapeutic proof-of-concept, positioning the immune system as a critically underexplored target for next-generation psychiatric treatment and necessitating immune-stratified trial designs alongside routine immunological monitoring in clinical practice.
References
Abe, H., Lin, P., Zhou, D., Ruderfer, D. M., & Gamazon, E. R. (2025). Mapping dynamic regulation of gene expression using single-cell transcriptomics and application to complex disease genetics. Human Genetics and Genomics Advances, 6(2), 100397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100397
Ali, S., & Pearce, B. D. (2025). The role of autoantibodies in the neuropsychiatric manifestations of 22q11 deletion syndrome. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 37, e90. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2025.10046
Aymerich, C., Pedruzo, B., Salazar de Pablo, G., Labad, J., McCutcheon, R., Pillinger, T., González-Torres, M.Á., Sanchez-Gistau, V., Oliver, D., Alonso-Alconada, D., Navalón, P., Sugranyes, G., Vieta, E., Arango, C., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., & Catalan, A. (2025). Do biological alterations precede the onset of psychosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis of immune, cardiometabolic, prolactin and HPA axis alterations in clinical high-risk for psychosis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 128, 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2025.04.009
Barbosa, S., Tamouza, R., Leboyer, M., Aouizerate, B., Andrieu, C., Andre, M., Boukouaci, W., Capdevielle, D., Chereau, I., Kobayashi, J. C., Coulon, N., Dorey, J.-M., Davidovic, L., Dubertret, C., Fakra, E., Fond, G., Goze, T., Khalfallah, O., . . . Godin, O. (2025). Prediction of relapse in a French cohort of outpatients with schizophrenia (FACE-SZ): Prediction, not association. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 137, 111304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111304
Ben-Azu, L., Onyeukwu, O. B., Chijioke, B. S., Oboh, M., Esuku, D. T., Adeleke, P., Onuelu, J. E., & Ben-Azu, B. (2026). Sabinene's neuroprotective effect reverses ketamine-induced experimental schizophrenia in mice through enhancement of cholinergic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 197, 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.02.055
Blackman, G., DeLaney, J., MacCabe, J. H., Khandaker, G., & McGuire, P. (2025). Sub-clinical systemic inflammation as a determinant of admission duration in psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 276, 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2024.12.010
Breunig, S., Lee, Y. H., Karlson, E. W., Krishnan, A., Lawrence, J. M., Schaffer, L. S., & Grotzinger, A. D. (2025). Examining the genetic links between clusters of immune-mediated diseases and psychiatric disorders. Translational Psychiatry, 15(1), 252. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-025-03470-9
Catalán, A., Aymerich, C., Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. M., Pedruzo, B., Salazar de Pablo, G., Gil, P., Aguayo, F., Acasuso, G., Collado-Pérez, A., Goena, J., Ibarretxe, O., Zorrilla, I., González-Pinto, A., Erkoreka, L., Alonso-Alconada, D., Fusar-Poli, P., & González-Torres, M. A. (2025). Peripheral inflammation and neurocognitive functioning in early psychosis: Specific associations of TNF-α and IL-6 with social cognition. European Psychiatry, 68(1), e95. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10063
Dastjerdi, G., Fallahpour, B., Dastgheib, S. A., Shahbazi, A., Tafti, A. G., Bahrami, M., Masoudi, A., Shiri, A., Nematzadeh, F., & Neamatzadeh, H. (2025). Large-scale meta-analysis of TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism in schizophrenia: Evidence from 7,624 cases and 8,933 controls. Medeniyet Medical Journal, 40(2), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.4274/MMJ.galenos.2025.72273
Dudeck, L., Nussbaumer, M., Nickl-Jockschat, T., Guest, P. C., Dobrowolny, H., Meyer-Lotz, G., Zhao, Z., Jacobs, R., Schiltz, K., Fernandes, B. S., & Steiner, J. (2025). Differences in blood leukocyte subpopulations in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 82(5), 492–504. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4941
D'Incal, C. P., Mateiu, L., De Man, K., Elinck, E., Gozes, I., & Kooy, R. F. (2025). The ADNP-mediated transcriptome response to ketamine impairs the cytoskeletal protein axis. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 75(4), 136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-025-02420-w
Eskandar, K. (2025). Neuroinflammation and psychiatry: Bridging the gap between the immune system and mental health. Neuropsychological Trends, 38. https://doi.org/10.7358/neur-2025-038-eska
Gao, Y., & Leung, C. (2026). Effectiveness of Sinovac vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 (CoronaVac) in reducing in-hospital mortality in individuals with COVID-19 and schizophrenia: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 26(1), 264. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25979-w
Hatano, M., Nagaoka, A., Miyahara, K., Hosogai, Y., Shishido, R., Hamasaki, H., Hino, M., Kakita, A., Tomita, H., Kunii, Y., & Miura, I. (2025). Impact of confounding factors in human postmortem brain tissues on gene expression profiles: A comparison of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and nonpsychiatric controls. Neuropsychopharmacology Reports, 45(3), e70053. https://doi.org/10.1002/npr2.70053
Hoprekstad, G. E., Johnsen, E., Bartz-Johannessen, C., Bjarke, J. K., Drosos, P., Fasmer, O. B., Gjerde, K. V., Reitan, S. K., Skrede, S., Sommer, I. E. C., Stabell, L., Steen, V. M., & Kroken, R. A. (2025). Prednisolone add-on in early phase schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity - Health, 48, 101047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101047
Howes, O. D., McCutcheon, R., Agid, O., de Bartolomeis, A., van Beveren, N. J., Birnbaum, M. L., Bloomfield, M. A., Bressan, R. A., Buchanan, R. W., Carpenter, W. T., Castle, D. J., Citrome, L., Daskalakis, Z. J., Davidson, M., Drake, R. J., Dursun, S., Ebdrup, B. H., Elkis, H., Falkai, P., Fleischacker, W. W., … Correll, C. U. (2017). Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology. The American journal of psychiatry, 174(3), 216–229. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050503
Huang, H.-C., Wu, B.-J., Yu, C.-H., Liu, C.-Z., & Wu, L. S.-H. (2025). LEPR gene polymorphisms and pneumonia risk in Taiwanese schizophrenia patients under clozapine treatment. Schizophrenia Research, 278, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2025.03.014
Hussain, A., Koser, N., Aun, S. M., Siddiqui, M. F., Malik, S., & Ali, S. A. (2025). Deciphering the role of probiotics in mental health: A systematic literature review of psychobiotics. Beneficial Microbes, 16(2), 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1163/18762891-BJA00053
Jawinski, P., Forstbach, H., Kirsten, H., Beyer, F., Villringer, A., Witte, A. V., Scholz, M., Ripke, S., & Markett, S. (2025). Genome-wide analysis of brain age identifies 59 associated loci and unveils relationships with mental and physical health. Nature Aging, 5(10), 2086–2103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-025-00962-7
Karali, Z., Karali, Y., Cekic, S., Altinok, B., Bodur, M., Bostanci, M., & Kilic, S. S. (2025). Neurocognitive evaluation of patients with DiGeorge syndrome. Pediatric Neurology, 162, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.10.012
Karimzadeh, M., Zakizadeh, F., Bokharaei-Salim, F., Omranifard, V., Kiani, S., & Razizadeh, M. H. (2025). Integrative analysis reveals human endogenous retroviruses-linked immune signatures in schizophrenia. Journal of NeuroVirology, 31(4), 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-025-01260-z
Kelland, C., Schauer, J., Iosif, A.-M., Rollins, S., Srivastav, A., Lesh, T., Hogrefe, C., Schumann, C., Carter, C., McAllister, K., Bauman, M. D., & de Water, J. V. (2026). Maternal immune activation during gestation modulates offspring immune profiles in a nonhuman primate model. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 132, 106207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106207
Khatami, S. H., Chamardani, T. M., Motamedzadeh, A., Nateghi, M., & Dadgostar, E. (2026). Neurochemical biomarkers in major depressive disorder. Clinica Chimica Acta, 586, 120936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2026.120936
Krishnan, D., Ghosh, P., Lakshman, N., Justin, A., & Ramasamy, S. (2025). Oro-pharyngeal mucosal microbiome alterations causing immune system dysregulation in schizophrenia. International Review of Neurobiology, 180, 125–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.003
Liang, H., & Xu, J. (2025). Th17-related cytokines and chemokines are associated with immune dysregulation and severity in schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1675129. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1675129
Liu, D., Zhu, C., & Wei, H. (2025). Clozapine and rapamycin reverse behavioral abnormalities in an animal model of autoimmune schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology, 266, 110286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110286
Luan, P., Wang, Q., Sun, Y., Jiang, C., Yin, J., & Wang, J. (2025). Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: Association with peripheral blood inflammatory signatures. BMC Psychiatry, 25(1), 1020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07479-8
Lv, J., Wang, X., & Qin, W. (2025). Integrated bioinformatics and machine learning identify S100A9 and VGLL1 as hub genes for schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1621219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1621219
Matuszewska, M., Wilkaniec, A., Gąssowska-Dobrowolska, M., Cieślik, M., Olech-Kochańczyk, G., Pałasz, E., Gawinek, E., Strawski, M., & Czapski, G. A. (2025). Inhibition of BET proteins modulates amyloid-beta accumulation and cognitive performance in middle-aged mice prenatally exposed to maternal immune activation. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 18, 1619583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2025.1619583
Miao, L., Miao, T., Zhang, Y., & Hao, J. (2025). Causal relationships between schizophrenia and psoriasis: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. BMC Psychiatry, 25(1), 264. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06687-6
Mlynek, E., Tan, X., Lammertz, S. E., Schaffrath, S., Gründer, G., Schneider, F., Frodl, T., Mathiak, K., & Gaebler, A. J. (2026). Disturbed functional connectivity between anterior default mode and sensory processing regions is linked to peripheral inflammatory markers and psychopathology in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 52(1), sbaf048. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaf048
Moreno-Fernández, M., Luján, V., Baliyan, S., Poza, C., Capellán, R., de las Heras-Martínez, N., Morcillo, M. Á., Oteo, M., Ambrosio, E., Ucha, M., & Higuera-Matas, A. (2025). A hidden mark of a troubled past: Neuroimaging and transcriptomic analyses reveal interactive effects of maternal immune activation and adolescent THC exposure suggestive of increased neuropsychiatric risk. Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science, 5(3), 100452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100452
Nagai, K., & Nagai, S. (2026). Report on successful treatment of refractory MAC 2 lung disease in two elderly patients with inhaled liposomal amikacin (ALIS) at half the standard dose. Diseases, 14(2), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14020065
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., ... Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pavlović, M., Rastović, P., Ćorić, M. K., Burić, S., Rajić, T., & Martinac, M. (2025). Increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with symptom severity in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Medical Investigation, 72(3), 408–418. https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.72.408
Ratke, I., Torsvik, A., Bartz-Johannessen, C. A., Fathian, F., Joa, I., Reitan, S. M. K., Løberg, E. M., Rettenbacher, M., Skrede, S., Steen, V. M., Johnsen, E., & Kroken, R. A. (2025). Sex differences in the peripheral levels of cytokines during 12-month antipsychotic treatment in a drug-naïve schizophrenia spectrum cohort. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity - Health, 44, 100959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2025.100959
Rietberg, T., El Abdellati, K., Lucas, A., Lemarinier, M., Fried, S., Richard, J.-R., Tamouza, R., Coppens, V., Morrens, M., Leboyer, M., & De Picker, L. (2025). Dynamic immune dysregulation in severe mental illness: Exaggerated innate and attenuated adaptive immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity - Health, 49, 101114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101114
Scott, K. J., & Bilkey, D. K. (2025). Sex-dependent effects of rat maternal immune activation on motor function in offspring of poly I:C treated rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 481, 115431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115431
Sekar, A., Bialas, A. R., de Rivera, H., Davis, A., Hammond, T. R., Kamitaki, N., Tooley, K., Presumey, J., Baum, M., Van Doren, V., Genovese, G., Rose, S. A., Handsaker, R. E., Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Daly, M. J., Carroll, M. C., Stevens, B., & McCarroll, S. A. (2016). Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4. Nature, 530(7589), 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16549
Singh, S., Saini, V., & Jha, H. C. (2025). The role of secondary genomes in neurodevelopment and co-evolutionary dynamics. International Review of Neurobiology, 180, 245–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.008
Solomon, P., Budde, M., Kohshour, M. O., Adorjan, K., Heilbronner, M., Navarro-Flores, A., Papiol, S., Reich-Erkelenz, D., Schulte, E. C., Senner, F., Vogl, T., Kaurani, L., Krüger, D. M., Sananbenesi, F., Pena, T., Burkhardt, S., Schütz, A.-L., Anghelescu, I.-G., Arolt, V., . . . Poschmann, J. (2025). Disease severity across psychiatric disorders is linked to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 129, 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2025.06.004
Stacey, D., Gaziano, L., Eldi, P., Toben, C., Benyamin, B., Lee, S. H., & Hyppönen, E. (2025). A transcriptome-wide Mendelian randomization study in isolated human immune cells highlights risk genes involved in viral infections and potential drug repurposing opportunities for schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 198(6), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.33028
Starkey, S. Y., Maurer, K., Bassett, A., McDonald McGinn, D. M., & Sullivan, K. E. (2025). Autoantibodies in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and psychosis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 156(4), 1103–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2025.07.013
Szota, A. M., Ćwiklińska-Jurkowska, M., Radajewska, I., Lis, K., Grudzka, P., & Dróżdż, W. (2025). Effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on IL-1β, IP-10, IL-17, TNFα, IL-10 and soluble IL-2 receptor in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) patients: A preliminary study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(9), 3170. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093170
Wang, S., Zhao, K., Li, Z., Shi, P., Deng, Y., Liu, Q., Yang, Y., Wang, C., Li, J., Li, Y., Lv, L., & Li, W. (2026). Maternal immune activation impairs neurodevelopment in offspring via ASK1/MAPK-mediated apoptotic disruption during early development. Neuroscience, 601, 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.02.034
Wang, W., Ye, J., Wei, Y., Huang, J., Wang, H., Liu, F., Wu, S., Wu, J., Li, Z., Guo, J., & Xiao, A. (2025). Clinical characteristics of schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer's diseases among older adults: A retrospective study of 271 consecutive admissions. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1486626. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1486626
Wang, X., Luo, L., Chang, S., & Yang, L. (2026). Cell-type-specific genetic architecture reveals neuronal and immune contributions to neuropsychiatric disorders. Molecular Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-026-03606-3
Wiström, E. D., Fuhrer, J., Shadrin, A., Fominykh, V., O'Connell, K. S., Jaholkowski, P., Steen, N. E., Stinson, S. E., Parekh, P., Frei, O., Rødevand, L., Parker, N., Haavik, J., Djurovic, S., Dale, A. M., Andreassen, O. A., & Smeland, O. B. (2026). Dissecting the genetic relationship between severe mental disorders and autoimmune diseases. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 133, 106249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106249
Wu, G., Dong, Z., Li, Z., Zhao, Q., Chen, S., Dong, Q., Huang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Chen, S., Liu, H., Sun, Z., Ban, S., Tian, B., & Tan, Y. (2025). Comorbidity patterns and immune-metabolic differences in patients with acute-episode of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia, 11(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-025-00646-6
Wu, S., Xue, T., Li, Y., Chen, W., & Ren, Y. (2025). Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis identifies hub genes associated with immune cell infiltration in early-onset schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry, 25(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06499-8
Xia, Y., Guan, X., Xiu, M., & Wu, F. (2025). Association between suicidal ideation and immune parameters in first-episode patients with schizophrenia. Current Neuropharmacology. https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X384619250727094057
Yamada, Y., Kishimoto, N., Tagata, H., Morimoto, T., Tomimoto, K., Sato, Y., Higuchi, Y., Hiejima, H., Ohshima, H., Kato, T., Oba, M. S., Izumi, S., Tomo, Y., Kitamura, S., Stickley, A., Kishimoto, T., Nemoto, T., Mizuno, M., Tomita, H., . . . Sumiyoshi, T. (2025). Transforming growth factor-β serum levels associated with social function in subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis: A multicenter study. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 23(3), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.24.1258
Yamada, Y., Mishima, K., Ohnishi, T., Suzuki, M., Nemoto, T., Mizuno, M., Kishimoto, T., Tomita, H., Ozone, M., Kitamura, S., Hashimoto, K., Nakagome, K., & Sumiyoshi, T. (2025). Identification of factors to predict transition to schizophrenia in subjects with ultra-high risk for psychosis: A protocol for a multicenter, longitudinal study of sleep parameters and cytokine levels. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 23(2), 266–277. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.24.1239
Yang, B.-Z., He, L., Liu, T.-Q., Ma, S., Wu, Y.-F., Wen, L., & Emu, B. (2026). Causal links among gut microbiota, immune-inflammatory and compensatory immune-regulatory systems, and schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-026-02407-0
Zhang, X., Valeri, J., Eladawi, M. A., Gisabella, B., Garrett, M. R., Vallender, E. J., McCullumsmith, R., Pantazopoulos, H., & O'Donovan, S. M. (2026). Transcriptomic analysis of the amygdala in subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder reveals differentially altered metabolic pathways. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 52(2), sbae193. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbae193
Zhang, Y. (2025). Research hotspots and emerging trends of schizophrenia and immune response: A bibliometric analysis. Brain and Behavior, 15(11), e71054. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.71054
Zhao, Q., Wei, X., Yu, W., Li, X., Gao, Z., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Wang, K., Bishop, J. R., Hu, H., Luo, C., Xiao, Y., Hu, N., Tao, B., Zhu, F., Gong, Q., & Lui, S. (2025). Morphological alterations of the thymus gland in individuals with schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 30(8), 3588–3598. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-02946-w
Zhu, B., Li, G., Saunders, J. M., Naler, L. B., Hadlock, T. M., Wang, C., García-Sastre, A., González-Maeso, J., & Lu, C. (2026). Prenatal and postnatal effects of gestational immune activation on synaptic and neurodevelopmental pathways via epigenetic mechanisms. Translational Psychiatry, 16(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-03884-z
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Salsabil, Husna Adlin, Firdus Firdus, Rosnizar Rosnizar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
